My family and I escaped two civil wars when I was young. My family is from Lebanon. We left and moved to Liberia. My father had work there. In the late 80s, Charles Taylor came to Liberia and ignited a civil war there. I have memories of both wars in Lebanon and Liberia.
We only had hours to escape Liberia, my father was granted a visa through the American based company that was evacuating its employees. I remember landing in Boston, MA during the Christmas season. We didn’t have many warm clothes because where we lived, cold weather wasn’t a concern. I remember walking through Boston and seeing the Christmas lights and shows going all around me. I was a surreal world.
I remember we were able to get a studio apartment in Allston, in the same area as the historic Citgo sign. My father went to work immediately. He drove a cab and worked security at Thinking Machines in Cambridge. We eventually were able to move to a larger apartment in Somerville. Eventually success came to my father, and we were able to grow from there. It is your textbook American Dream-type story. Come from nothing and then with hard work, you make something of yourself.
There is one thing I’d like to point out: Other than being allowed to stay in the U.S. as a war refugee, my father did not once receive any government assistance. He was granted the ability to work, obtain an income, and pay taxes. Years later, we all became U.S. citizens. I got mine first, because I was in the Army and deployed to Iraq. At the time, President George Bush Jr. ordered INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) to fast-track the citizenship process for all those enlisted in the U.S. Military. There were several soldiers in my unit that only had Green Cards, like me.
If anything, I felt there was a process to get your citizenship in the U.S., whether it’s coming here on some sort of visa and then working towards citizenship or applying overseas and getting here eventually.
There is a big difference between the 1980s and today. The current situation in the United States and its borders are in a state of crisis, it has been that way for several years. Borders play a crucial role in defining a nation’s sovereignty, but they can also be weak points where illegal activities like drug trafficking, terrorism, and human smuggling thrive. I chose to explore the dynamics of border security because it has serious implications for both national safety and international collaboration. In this essay, I’ll dive into how border security measures can help curb these transnational crimes, but also how they can sometimes make the situation worse.
Drug Trafficking
Drug trafficking networks exploit porous borders to transport illegal substances, creating significant challenges for regional stability. These networks thrive in areas where border control is ineffective, allowing them to move their operations and product with relative ease. As a result, communities near these borders often experience increased violence, corruption, and a breakdown of social order. The flow of illicit drugs not only fuels criminal enterprises but also contributes to public health crises, straining local resources and law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, the instability fostered by these trafficking activities can spill over into neighboring regions, making it a pressing issue that demands coordinated international efforts to strengthen border security and combat the underlying factors that facilitate this illegal trade.
In “Border Games: Policing the U.S.–Mexico Divide,” Peter Andreas (2000) examines key themes related to the challenges of border enforcement and the smuggling of goods, especially drugs and labor. A central theme is the idea of contraband and commodification, highlighting how undocumented immigrants are regarded as commodities within the context of border policies (Andreas, 2000). The author discusses the feedback effects of policies, demonstrating how past immigration and drug regulations, such as the Bracero Program and the Immigration Reform and Control Act, have resulted in unintended outcomes, including increased illegal crossings and more advanced smuggling techniques (Andreas, 2000).
Additionally, Andreas contends that border enforcement efforts often serve merely as symbolic actions to satisfy domestic stakeholders, particularly Congress, leading to heightened enforcement that does not tackle the underlying issues of drug demand and immigration (Andreas, 2000).One major outcome of increased surveillance is the rise in illegal border crossings, which has driven people to pursue more remote and less monitored pathways into the United States. This change has resulted in the growth of more organized and advanced smuggling operations, as smaller, less experienced smugglers are forced out of the market. Consequently, it has become increasingly challenging for individuals to cross the border without the help of professionals.
As the U.S. government has intensified its efforts to combat drug trafficking through policies such as Operation Intercept and the annual certification of countries’ drug enforcement efforts, smugglers have evolved their tactics, leading to the emergence of more sophisticated and organized trafficking networks (Andreas, 2000). Despite the apparent success indicated by rising drug seizure statistics, Andreas (2000) argues that these figures can be misleading, as they often reflect an increasing flow of drugs rather than a decrease in trafficking activities. Furthermore, he critiques the focus on supply-side measures, highlighting that such policies frequently ignore the underlying demand for drugs in the U.S. market, which continues to drive the illicit trade (Andreas, 2000). This dynamic illustrates the complexities of drug smuggling and the challenges faced by policymakers in effectively addressing the issue.
In his analysis, Victor M. Manjarrez, Jr. identifies several key challenges in defining successful border security. First, there is a significant lack of consensus regarding performance measures, which complicates the assessment of border enforcement effectiveness. This ambiguity hinders the establishment of clear criteria for success. Second, the interrelated nature of illegal immigration and border security adds to the complexity; high levels of illegal immigration contribute to chaotic conditions that overwhelm enforcement capabilities, making it difficult to articulate a definitive success metric.
The expectation that the homeland security apparatus can completely eliminate illegal entries is deemed unrealistic. This expectation contrasts sharply with the more pragmatic views held regarding local law enforcement, which do not require the total eradication of crime. Lastly, the political landscape plays a crucial role in shaping the discourse on border security, particularly during election cycles, leading to shifting definitions and priorities. Manjarrez underscores the necessity for a coherent and consistent definition of successful border security to inform future policy decisions and resource allocation effectively.
International Terrorism
There has been plenty of reports about our southern border; however, it is equally important to ask, what about the northern border of the U.S.? This border, often overlooked, plays a critical role in national security, trade, and immigration. While discussions frequently center around challenges faced in the south, we must also consider the unique issues, potential vulnerabilities, and the presence of diverse communities along the northern frontier. Addressing both borders will provide a more comprehensive understanding of our overall border security and immigration policies.
The concerns surrounding border infrastructure as a potential target for terrorism are multifaceted and significant. First and foremost, the Canada-U.S. border is crucial for trade, with a large portion of Canadian exports relying on a limited number of key crossings. An attack on this infrastructure could lead to severe disruptions in trade, negatively impacting both the Canadian and U.S. economies. Even minor interruptions in the flow of goods could have catastrophic consequences for Canada, given its heavy dependence on cross-border commerce (Hataley, 2007).
The geographical configuration of the border, which features a concentration of trade routes at a small number of bridges and tunnels, makes these locations particularly vulnerable to terrorist attacks. For instance, the Ambassador Bridge, which handles one-third of all truck traffic between the two countries, exemplifies how an assault on such critical infrastructure could have widespread repercussions (Hataley, 2007). Compounding these vulnerabilities is the low rate of vehicle inspections at border crossings, which currently stands at about 4.5% for the Canada Border Services Agency. This raises concerns about the potential for undetected threats, as the demand for rapid trans-border movement has led to insufficient scrutiny (Hataley, 2007). Overall, these factors highlight the urgent need for enhanced security measures and infrastructure improvements to mitigate the risks associated with potential terrorist activities at the Canada-U.S. border.
The risk of terrorism at U.S. borders is a critical aspect of national security, as it involves the potential entry of individuals who may participate in or support terrorist activities. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) indicates that transnational terrorists are often driven by specific grievances and adhere to extremist ideologies that motivate their actions. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) clearly prohibits the entry of anyone who has engaged in or is likely to engage in terrorist activities, emphasizing the importance of border security in blocking potential threats from entering the nation (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2013). This legal framework highlights the need for effective screening processes and intelligence-sharing systems to identify and intercept individuals who could jeopardize national safety.
The relationship between terrorism and other border-related threats adds complexity to the security environment. While the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) aims to prevent the entry of terrorists, it must also contend with unauthorized migration and transnational crime, which can overlap with terrorist activities. For example, some unauthorized migrants might unintentionally become involved with transnational criminal networks that facilitate smuggling, potentially creating opportunities for terrorists to take advantage of these situations (CRS, 2013). This intersection of threats calls for a holistic approach to border security that prioritizes the detection of potential terrorists while also considering the wider context of migration and crime. By utilizing risk management techniques and promoting collaboration among agencies, policymakers can improve the effectiveness of border security efforts in addressing the threat of terrorism while managing other enforcement priorities.
Relationship between Border Security and Human Smuggling
U.S. immigration policies have led to several unintended consequences that exacerbate human trafficking and smuggling issues. Stricter immigration regulations and criminal deportation practices have heightened the vulnerability of undocumented migrants, making them prime targets for exploitation by organized crime. This is particularly concerning for women and children, who are often at greater risk due to their precarious legal status and lack of protective measures (Cicero-Domínguez, 2005). Additionally, the deportation of individuals with criminal backgrounds has resulted in a significant influx of U.S.-trained criminals into Mexico. These deportees frequently struggle to reintegrate into society, which can lead them to engage in human trafficking and smuggling activities (Cicero-Domínguez, 2005).
There is a troubling tendency to blend human trafficking with migrant smuggling, complicating the understanding and response to these issues. This confusion often leads to inadequate responses from civil society on both sides of the border (Cicero-Domínguez, 2005). Mexican authorities, such as the National Immigration Institute, are overwhelmed by the high volume of illegal migrants and face challenges in investigating and preventing trafficking due to policies that prioritize immediate deportation (Cicero-Domínguez, 2005). Despite some positive developments, the Mexican legal framework remains largely ineffective in addressing trafficking, highlighting the need for comprehensive policies that tackle the root causes of these issues and provide support for victims (Cicero-Domínguez, 2005).
Border Security Strategies
To effectively combat the threat of terrorism at U.S. borders while also addressing other security challenges, several important policies should be implemented. First, enhancing screening and vetting procedures for individuals entering the country is crucial. This can be achieved by employing advanced biometric technologies, conducting thorough background investigations, and fostering intelligence-sharing among federal, state, and local agencies to identify potential risks before they reach the border. Additionally, improving collaboration between various government entities, such as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), can enhance situational awareness and facilitate the timely identification of threats. Establishing joint task forces and information-sharing platforms will further support these efforts.
By adopting a risk-based approach to resource allocation is essential for effectively managing border security. This strategy involves prioritizing resources for areas and populations that pose a higher risk of terrorism while ensuring that other critical issues, such as drug trafficking and human smuggling, are not neglected. Engaging with local communities, particularly those with significant immigrant populations, can also play a vital role in gathering intelligence and building trust. By fostering community outreach initiatives, individuals may be more inclined to report suspicious activities. Strengthening international partnerships and cooperation with foreign governments can help address the underlying causes of terrorism and improve overall border security. Regularly reviewing and adapting these policies in response to the evolving threat landscape will ensure that the U.S. remains vigilant and effective in its border security efforts.
Conclusion
The intricate relationship between border security and transnational terrorism and crime has never been more pronounced than in today’s geopolitical climate. The challenges posed by drug trafficking, terrorism, and human smuggling illuminate the necessity for a multifaceted and adaptive approach to border management.
As highlighted by my own family’s historical narrative, the pressures of global conflict and instability continue to drive migration, often resulting in vulnerabilities that can be exploited by criminal and terrorist organizations. The evolution of drug trafficking routes and tactics demonstrates the adaptability and sophistication of these networks, which thrive in the absence of effective border controls. Moreover, the underestimated risks associated with the northern border further emphasize that all frontiers require diligent attention to prevent potential threats to national security.
To navigate these complexities, policymakers must prioritize comprehensive strategies that integrate law enforcement with community engagement and international collaboration. It is essential to recognize that border security transcends mere enforcement; it is about safeguarding lives, upholding human rights, and ensuring that our borders do not become gateways for exploitation. As we strive to strengthen our borders, we must also advocate for policies that address root causes, enhance legitimate migration pathways, and protect vulnerable populations.
References:
- Wilson, Tamar. (2002). Border Games: Policing the U.S.–Mexico Divide. Review of Radical Political Economics. 34. 352–354. 10.1016/S0486-6134(02)00144-4.
- Côté-Boucher, K., Infantino, F., & Salter, M. B. (2014). Border security as practice: An agenda for research. Security dialogue, 45(3), 195-208.
- Jones, R., & Johnson, C. (2016). Border militarization and the re-articulation of sovereignty. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41*(2), 187-200. Border militarisation and the re‐articulation of sovereignty (researchgate.net)
- Lemay-Hébert, N., & Hintjens, H. (2019). Borderland Security and Migration. Routledge Handbook of African Security. Routledge.
- Hataley, T. (2007). Catastrophic terrorism at the border: The case of the Canada-United States border. Homeland Security Affairs, 1, 1-27.
- Cicero-Domínguez, S. A. (2005). Assessing the U.S.-Mexico fight against human trafficking and smuggling: Unintended results of U.S. immigration policy. *Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights*, 4(2), 303.
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Ayman Kafel and his family survived civil wars in Africa and Lebanon before immigrating to the United States in 1988. Following the tragic events of September 11, 2001, Ayman enlisted in the Army and deployed to Iraq in 2005, where he conducted over 20,000 miles of combat patrols and military missions. His proficiency in Arabic allowed him to effectively coordinate and collaborate with various Army units.
In October 2007, Ayman began his law enforcement career as a police officer in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, initially serving with the MBTA Transit Police Department. In 2011, he transferred to the Attleboro Police Department, where he has held multiple roles, including uniform patrol officer, detective, and DEA task force officer. He has also served as a DEA SRT Operator and assistant team leader, as well as a Metro-SWAT Operator, and he remains an active member of the SWAT team.
Throughout his career, Ayman has led and participated in numerous complex investigations, successfully capturing and prosecuting high-level criminals. In November 2022, he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant and currently serves as a Patrol Division Sergeant on the day shift.
Ayman is a writer for The Havok Journal, where he has published over 100 articles covering topics such as law enforcement issues, his military experiences in Iraq, and the challenges of PTSD within the law enforcement community. His work has also appeared in The Epoch Times. Recently, he was featured on BBC Arabic to share his insights and experiences in Iraq.
Additionally, Ayman has published a book titled *The Resolute Path* and founded Project Sapient, a podcast, training, and consulting company.
Follow Project Sapient on Instagram, YouTube, and all podcast platforms for engaging content. Feel free to email Ayman at ayman@projectsapient.com.
As the Voice of the Veteran Community, The Havok Journal seeks to publish a variety of perspectives on a number of sensitive subjects. Unless specifically noted otherwise, nothing we publish is an official point of view of The Havok Journal or any part of the U.S. government.
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